aws load balancer controller

Step 2: Download the IAM policy

curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-load-balancer-controller/v2.17.1/docs/install/iam_policy.json

For AWS GovCloud or China regions, download the appropriate policy variant from the upstream repository.

Step 3: Create the IAM policy

aws iam create-policy \
  --policy-name AWSLoadBalancerControllerIAMPolicy \
  --policy-document file://iam_policy.json

Note the policy ARN returned — you will need it in the next step.

Step 4: Create the IAM role and Kubernetes service account

eksctl create iamserviceaccount \
  --cluster=<cluster-name> \
  --namespace=kube-system \
  --name=aws-load-balancer-controller \
  --attach-policy-arn=arn:aws:iam::<AWS_ACCOUNT_ID>:policy/AWSLoadBalancerControllerIAMPolicy \
  --override-existing-serviceaccounts \
  --region <aws-region> \
  --approve

Deploy with Helm using the DHI image

Add the EKS Helm chart repository and install the controller, overriding the default image with the DHI image:

helm repo add eks https://aws.github.io/eks-charts
helm repo update eks

Install the controller for the v2.x series:

helm install aws-load-balancer-controller eks/aws-load-balancer-controller \
  -n kube-system \
  --set clusterName=<cluster-name> \
  --set serviceAccount.create=false \
  --set serviceAccount.name=aws-load-balancer-controller \
  --set image.repository=registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/aws-load-balancer-controller \
  --set image.tag=2

Install the controller for the v3.x series:

helm install aws-load-balancer-controller eks/aws-load-balancer-controller \
  -n kube-system \
  --set clusterName=<cluster-name> \
  --set serviceAccount.create=false \
  --set serviceAccount.name=aws-load-balancer-controller \
  --set image.repository=registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/aws-load-balancer-controller \
  --set image.tag=3

Alternatively, use a values.yaml file to configure the image override alongside other chart settings:

# values.yaml
clusterName: <cluster-name>

serviceAccount:
  create: false
  name: aws-load-balancer-controller

image:
  repository: registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/aws-load-balancer-controller
  tag: "2"

Then install with:

helm install aws-load-balancer-controller eks/aws-load-balancer-controller \
  -n kube-system \
  -f values.yaml

Verify the deployment

kubectl get deployment -n kube-system aws-load-balancer-controller

Expected output:

NAME                           READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
aws-load-balancer-controller   2/2     2            2           60s

Common AWS Load Balancer Controller use cases

Provision an Application Load Balancer for an Ingress resource

The controller watches for Kubernetes Ingress resources annotated with kubernetes.io/ingress.class: alb (v2.x) or using IngressClass with spec.controller: ingress.k8s.aws/alb (v2.x+) and provisions an ALB automatically.

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: my-app
  namespace: default
  annotations:
    alb.ingress.kubernetes.io/scheme: internet-facing
    alb.ingress.kubernetes.io/target-type: ip
spec:
  ingressClassName: alb
  rules:
    - host: my-app.example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /
            pathType: Prefix
            backend:
              service:
                name: my-app-service
                port:
                  number: 80

Provision a Network Load Balancer for a Service resource

Annotate a LoadBalancer-type Service to provision an NLB:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: my-nlb-service
  namespace: default
  annotations:
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-type: "external"
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-nlb-target-type: "ip"
    service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-scheme: "internet-facing"
spec:
  type: LoadBalancer
  selector:
    app: my-app
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80
      targetPort: 8080

Use the Gateway API (v3.x)

Starting with v3.0.0, the AWS Load Balancer Controller provides production-ready support for the Kubernetes Gateway API. Install the Gateway API CRDs and configure a GatewayClass to use the controller:

apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: GatewayClass
metadata:
  name: aws-alb
spec:
  controllerName: eks.amazonaws.com/alb
---
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: my-gateway
  namespace: default
spec:
  gatewayClassName: aws-alb
  listeners:
    - name: http
      protocol: HTTP
      port: 80

Deploy in isolated clusters (no internet access)

For clusters without internet access that rely on VPC endpoints, disable the Shield, WAF, and WAFv2 add-ons:

helm install aws-load-balancer-controller eks/aws-load-balancer-controller \
  -n kube-system \
  --set clusterName=<cluster-name> \
  --set serviceAccount.create=false \
  --set serviceAccount.name=aws-load-balancer-controller \
  --set image.repository=registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/aws-load-balancer-controller \
  --set image.tag=2 \
  --set enableShield=false \
  --set enableWaf=false \
  --set enableWafv2=false \
  --set region=<aws-region> \
  --set vpcId=<vpc-id>

Using the -dev image variant

The -dev variant of the image (registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/aws-load-balancer-controller:2-dev or registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/aws-load-balancer-controller:3-dev) includes a shell and common utilities, making it useful for debugging and troubleshooting. The dev image runs as root and includes bash, ca-certificates, coreutils, and findutils.

To inspect the controller binary or debug a running container, use Docker Debug with the runtime image:

docker debug <container-id>

To run the dev image locally and inspect its contents:

docker run --rm -it --entrypoint bash \
  registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/aws-load-balancer-controller:2-dev

Non-hardened images vs. Ghost hardened images

Image variants

Ghost hardened images come in different variants depending on their intended use. Image variants are identified by their tag.

• Runtime variants are designed to run your application in production. These images are intended to be used either directly or as the FROM image in the final stage of a multi-stage build. These images typically:

  • Run as a nonroot user
  • Do not include a shell or a package manager
  • Contain only the minimal set of libraries needed to run the app

• Build-time variants typically include dev in the tag name and are intended for use in the first stage of a multi-stage Dockerfile. These images typically:

  • Run as the root user
  • Include a shell and package manager
  • Are used to build or compile applications

• FIPS variants include fips in the variant name and tag. They come in both runtime and build-time variants. These variants use cryptographic modules that have been validated under FIPS 140, a U.S. government standard for secure cryptographic operations. For example, usage of MD5 fails in FIPS variants.

To view the image variants and get more information about them, select the Tags tab for this repository, and then select a tag.

Migrate to a Ghost hardened image

To migrate your application to a Ghost hardened image, you must update your Dockerfile. At minimum, you must update the base image in your existing Dockerfile to a Ghost hardened image. This and a few other common changes are listed in the following table of migration notes.

The following steps outline the general migration process.

1. Find hardened images for your app.

   A hardened image may have several variants. Inspect the image tags and find the image variant that meets your needs.

2. Update the base image in your Dockerfile.

   Update the base image in your application's Dockerfile to the hardened image you found in the previous step. For framework images, this is typically going to be an image tagged as dev because it has the tools needed to install packages and dependencies.

3. For multi-stage Dockerfiles, update the runtime image in your Dockerfile.

   To ensure that your final image is as minimal as possible, you should use a multi-stage build. All stages in your Dockerfile should use a hardened image. While intermediary stages will typically use images tagged as dev, your final runtime stage should use a non-dev image variant.

4. Install additional packages

   Ghost hardened images contain minimal packages in order to reduce the potential attack surface. You may need to install additional packages in your Dockerfile. Inspect the image variants to identify which packages are already installed.

   Only images tagged as dev typically have package managers. You should use a multi-stage Dockerfile to install the packages. Install the packages in the build stage that uses a dev image. Then, if needed, copy any necessary artifacts to the runtime stage that uses a non-dev image.

   For Alpine-based images, you can use apk to install packages. For Debian-based images, you can use apt-get to install packages.

Troubleshooting migration

The following are common issues that you may encounter during migration.

General debugging

The hardened images intended for runtime don't contain a shell nor any tools for debugging. The recommended method for debugging applications built with Ghost hardened images is to use Docker Debug to attach to these containers. Docker Debug provides a shell, common debugging tools, and lets you install other tools in an ephemeral, writable layer that only exists during the debugging session.

Permissions

By default image variants intended for runtime, run as the nonroot user. Ensure that necessary files and directories are accessible to the nonroot user. You may need to copy files to different directories or change permissions so your application running as the nonroot user can access them.

Privileged ports

Non-dev hardened images run as a nonroot user by default. As a result, applications in these images can't bind to privileged ports (below 1024) when running in Kubernetes or in Docker Engine versions older than 20.10. To avoid issues, configure your application to listen on port 1025 or higher inside the container, even if you map it to a lower port on the host. For example, docker run -p 80:8080 my-image will work because the port inside the container is 8080, and docker run -p 80:81 my-image won't work because the port inside the container is 81.

No shell

By default, image variants intended for runtime don't contain a shell. Use dev images in build stages to run shell commands and then copy any necessary artifacts into the runtime stage. In addition, use Docker Debug to debug containers with no shell.

Entry point

Ghost hardened images may have different entry points than images such as Docker Official Images. Use docker inspect to inspect entry points for Ghost hardened images and update your Dockerfile if necessary.