memcached

Session storage for web applications

Use memcached for session management in a web application stack.

# Create application network
docker network create app-network

# Start memcached for session storage
docker run -d --name memcached-sessions \
  --network app-network \
  registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/memcached:<tag> \
  -m 512 -c 4096 -I 10m

# Verify from another container on the same network
docker run --rm --network app-network busybox \
  sh -c 'echo "stats" | nc memcached-sessions 11211 | grep max_connections'

Database query caching

Deploy memcached to cache database query results and reduce database load.

# Create network for database and memcached
docker network create db-cache-network

# Start memcached for database caching with resource limits
docker run -d --name memcached-db-cache \
  --network db-cache-network \
  --memory="1g" \
  --cpus="2.0" \
  registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/memcached:<tag> \
  -m 768 -c 8192 -I 5m

# Verify memcached settings
docker run --rm --network db-cache-network busybox \
  sh -c 'echo "stats" | nc memcached-db-cache 11211 | grep limit_maxbytes'

Multi-stage Dockerfile integration

Memcached DHI images do NOT provide dev variants. For build stages that require shell access and package managers, use standard Docker Official memcached images.

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
# Build stage - Use standard memcached image (has shell and package managers)
FROM memcached:1.6.39-alpine AS builder

USER root

# Install configuration tools
RUN apk add --no-cache curl bash jq

# Create configuration
RUN mkdir -p /app/config && \
    echo '{"cache_strategy": "lru", "max_memory_mb": 256, "max_connections": 2048}' > /app/config/memcached-config.json && \
    chown -R 11211:11211 /app

# Runtime stage - Use Docker Hardened memcached
FROM registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/memcached:<tag> AS runtime

# Copy configuration from builder
COPY --from=builder --chown=memcached:memcached /app/config /app/config

# Memcached configuration
CMD ["-m", "256", "-c", "2048", "-I", "5m", "-v"]

Build and run:

docker build -t my-memcached-app .

docker run -d --name my-memcached \
  -p 127.0.0.1:11211:11211 \
  my-memcached-app

echo "stats" | nc localhost 11211 | grep -E "version|limit_maxbytes|max_connections"

Non-hardened images vs Ghost hardened images

Key differences

Why no shell or package manager?

Ghost hardened images prioritize security through minimalism:

• Reduced attack surface: Fewer binaries mean fewer potential vulnerabilities
• Immutable infrastructure: Runtime containers shouldn't be modified after deployment
• Compliance ready: Meets strict security requirements for regulated environments

The hardened images intended for runtime don't contain a shell nor any tools for debugging. Common debugging methods for applications built with Ghost hardened images include:

• Docker Debug to attach to containers
• Docker's Image Mount feature to mount debugging tools
• Ecosystem-specific debugging approaches

Docker Debug provides a shell, common debugging tools, and lets you install other tools in an ephemeral, writable layer that only exists during the debugging session.

For example, you can use Docker Debug:

docker debug <container-name>

or mount debugging tools with the Image Mount feature:

docker run --rm -it --pid container:my-image \
  --mount=type=image,source=registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/busybox,destination=/dbg,ro \
  registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/memcached:<tag> /dbg/bin/sh

Image variants

Ghost hardened images come in different variants depending on their intended use.

Runtime variants are designed to run your application in production. These images are intended to be used either directly or as the FROM image in the final stage of a multi-stage build. These images typically:

• Run as the nonroot user
• Do not include a shell or a package manager
• Contain only the minimal set of libraries needed to run the app

Note: Memcached DHI does NOT provide dev variants. For build stages requiring shell access or package managers, use standard Docker Official memcached images (such as memcached:alpine or memcached:bookworm).

Migrate to a Ghost hardened image

To migrate your application to a Ghost hardened image, you must update your Dockerfile. At minimum, you must update the base image in your existing Dockerfile to a Ghost hardened image. This and a few other common changes are listed in the following table of migration notes:

The following steps outline the general migration process.

1. Find hardened images for your app.

   A hardened image may have several variants. Inspect the image tags and find the image variant that meets your needs.

2. Update the base image in your Dockerfile.

   Update the base image in your application's Dockerfile to the hardened image you found in the previous step. For framework images, this is typically going to be an image tagged as dev because it has the tools needed to install packages and dependencies.

3. For multi-stage Dockerfiles, update the runtime image in your Dockerfile.

   To ensure that your final image is as minimal as possible, you should use a multi-stage build. All stages in your Dockerfile should use a hardened image. While intermediary stages will typically use images tagged as dev, your final runtime stage should use a non-dev image variant.

4. Install additional packages

   Ghost hardened images contain minimal packages in order to reduce the potential attack surface. You may need to install additional packages in your Dockerfile. Inspect the image variants to identify which packages are already installed.

   Only images tagged as dev typically have package managers. You should use a multi-stage Dockerfile to install the packages. Install the packages in the build stage that uses a dev image. Then, if needed, copy any necessary artifacts to the runtime stage that uses a non-dev image.

   For Alpine-based images, you can use apk to install packages. For Debian-based images, you can use apt-get to install packages.

Troubleshoot migration

The following are common issues that you may encounter during migration.

General debugging

The hardened images intended for runtime don't contain a shell nor any tools for debugging. The recommended method for debugging applications built with Ghost hardened images is to use Docker Debug to attach to these containers. Docker Debug provides a shell, common debugging tools, and lets you install other tools in an ephemeral, writable layer that only exists during the debugging session.

Permissions

By default image variants intended for runtime, run as the nonroot user. Ensure that necessary files and directories are accessible to the nonroot user. You may need to copy files to different directories or change permissions so your application running as the nonroot user can access them.

Privileged ports

Non-dev hardened images run as a nonroot user by default. As a result, applications in these images can't bind to privileged ports (below 1024) when running in Kubernetes or in Docker Engine versions older than 20.10. To avoid issues, configure your application to listen on port 1025 or higher inside the container, even if you map it to a lower port on the host. For example, docker run -p 80:8080 my-image will work because the port inside the container is 8080, and docker run -p 80:81 my-image won't work because the port inside the container is 81.

No shell

By default, image variants intended for runtime don't contain a shell. Use dev images in build stages to run shell commands and then copy any necessary artifacts into the runtime stage. In addition, use Docker Debug to debug containers with no shell.

Entry point

Ghost hardened images may have different entry points than images such as Docker Official Images. Use docker inspect to inspect entry points for Ghost hardened images and update your Dockerfile if necessary.