rust

Build and run a Rust application

The recommended way to use this image is to use a multi-stage Dockerfile with the dev variant as the build environment and the runtime variant as the runtime environment. Before writing the Dockerfile, let's create the project files:

Step 1: Create Cargo.toml

cat > Cargo.toml << EOF
[package]
name = "docker-rust-hello"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"

[dependencies]
EOF

Step 2: Create src directory and main.rs

mkdir src
cat > src/main.rs << EOF
use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};

fn main() {
    let listener = TcpListener::bind("0.0.0.0:8000").unwrap();
    println!("Server running on port 8000");

    for stream in listener.incoming() {
        let stream = stream.unwrap();
        handle_connection(stream);
    }
}

fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
    let mut buffer = [0; 1024];
    stream.read(&mut buffer).unwrap();

    let response = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\nHello from DHI Rust!";
    stream.write(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
    stream.flush().unwrap();
}
EOF

Step 3: Generate the lock file

docker run --rm -v $(pwd):/app -w /app registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/rust:<tag>-dev cargo generate-lockfile

Step 4. Create the Dockerfile

Create a Dockerfile with the following content to compile and run the project.

################################################################################
# Create a stage for building the application.
FROM registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/rust:<tag>-dev AS build
WORKDIR /build

RUN --mount=type=bind,source=src,target=src \
    --mount=type=bind,source=Cargo.toml,target=Cargo.toml \
    --mount=type=bind,source=Cargo.lock,target=Cargo.lock \
    --mount=type=cache,target=/build/target/ \
    --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/git/db \
    --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/registry/ \
    cargo build --locked --release && \
    cp /build/target/release/docker-rust-hello /build/server

################################################################################
# Create a new stage for running the application with security-hardened runtime environment

FROM registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/rust:<tag> AS final

# Copy the executable from the "build" stage.
COPY --from=build /build/server ./server

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 8000

# What the container should run when it is started.
CMD ["./server"]

You can then build and run the Docker image:

docker build -t my-rust-app .
docker run -d -p 8000:8000 --name my-rust-app my-rust-app

# Test endpoints
curl http://localhost:8000/

# Clean up
docker stop my-rust-app && docker rm my-rust-app

Docker Official Images vs Ghost hardened images

Key differences

Why selective hardening with maintained functionality?

Ghost hardened images provide enhanced security through targeted improvements:

• Enhanced security: Non-root user execution and source control tool removal
• Maintained functionality: Rust toolchain and shell access preserved for operational flexibility
• User privilege separation: Dev variants run as root for development needs, runtime variants run as nonroot
• Selective tool removal: Source control tools removed (both dev and runtime) while preserving essential development capabilities
• Advanced debugging capabilities: Docker Debug provides comprehensive debugging tools through an ephemeral, secure layer

Migrate to a Ghost hardened image

To migrate your application to a Ghost hardened image, you must update your Dockerfile. At minimum, you must update the base image in your existing Dockerfile to a Ghost hardened image. This and a few other common changes are listed in the following table of migration notes:

Migration process

1. Find hardened images for your app. A hardened image may have several variants. Inspect the image tags and find the image variant that meets your needs. Rust images are available in multiple versions.

2. Update the base image in your Dockerfile. Update the base image in your application's Dockerfile to the hardened image you found in the previous step. For Rust applications, this is typically going to be an image tagged as dev because it has the Rust toolchain needed to compile applications.

   Example:

   FROM registry.ghost-prod.alphabravo.io/ghost-base/rust:<version>-dev
   

3. For multi-stage Dockerfiles, update the runtime image in your Dockerfile. To ensure that your final image is as minimal as possible, you should use a multi-stage build. Use dev images for build stages and runtime images for final runtime.

4. Install additional packages Ghost hardened images selectively remove certain tools while maintaining operational capabilities. You may need to install additional packages in your Dockerfile.

   Both dev and runtime variants include cargo and rustc. You should use a multi-stage Dockerfile to install the packages. Install the packages in the build stage that uses a dev image. Then copy any necessary artifacts to the runtime stage that uses a minimal image.

Troubleshoot migration

General debugging

Ghost hardened images provide robust debugging capabilities through Docker Debug, which attaches comprehensive debugging tools to running containers while maintaining the security benefits of minimal runtime images.

Docker Debug provides a shell, common debugging tools, and lets you install additional tools in an ephemeral, writable layer that only exists during the debugging session:

docker debug <container-name>

Docker Debug advantages:

• Full debugging environment with shells and tools
• Temporary, secure debugging layer that doesn't modify the runtime container
• Install additional debugging tools as needed during the session
• Perfect for troubleshooting DHI containers while preserving security

Permissions

Runtime image variants run as the nonroot user. Ensure that necessary files and directories are accessible to that user. You may need to copy files to different directories or change permissions so your application running as a nonroot user can access them.

Privileged ports

Non-dev hardened images run as a nonroot user by default. As a result, applications in these images can't bind to privileged ports (below 1024) when running in Kubernetes or in Docker Engine versions older than 20.10. Configure your Rust applications to listen on ports 8000, 8080, or other ports above 1024.

Entry point

Ghost hardened images may have different entry points than images such as Docker Official Images. Use docker inspect to inspect entry points for Ghost hardened images and update your Dockerfile if necessary.